Things are less clear in females, as multiple matings (polyandry) represent a loss in time and energy. In males, the number of matings (polygyny) determines the reproductive success and the ability to transmit its own genes to the next generation. In this study, we showed that females mated more than two times with different males produce larger eggs, heavier, and black hatchlings characteristic of gregarious phase known in S. The coloration of offspring in females mated with two males reaches only 15.2% of green forms versus 84.8% of mostly blacks. We showed that hatchlings of gregarious females mated only once are smaller and green at 87.2% in first egg pods and produced the solitary form of the desert locust. Polyandry acts as a signal of phase shift through offspring. Our results suggest that multiple mating is not associated with fitness benefits. In an applied perspective, knowledge on the reproductive success and in the phase shift process is essential to perform mass rearing for human food production. In this paper, we analyze the role of polyandry in the reproductive success and in the phase shift process in the gregarious desert locust. This behavior is known to be a kind of fitness maximization, but some case of sexual selection factors can explain the evolution of this behavior in relation with the phenotype plasticity model. The multiple mating by female (polyandry) is a widespread behavior in insect species.
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